Combinations of natural or synthetic scaffold delivery platforms, bone grafting materials, and bioactive molecules such as bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) form the current paradigm in advanced bone regeneration technologies.  However, the use of BMPs, especially in higher doses, has been associated with reports of heterotopic bone formation, increased inflammation, osteolysis, and possible increased cancer risk.

Cardiomyopathy, long since believed to be a problem in adults following injury or aging, has recently moved to the forefront of the pediatric population. Improved repair of cardiac birth defects, as well as enhanced treatment of acute cardiac injury in the pediatric population has led to increases in the incidence of cardiomyopathy in the young.

Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) of the knee is an incresingly common condition that predominantly affects adolescent and young adults,and progresses to early onset osteoarthritis. OCD initially involves the formation of an avascular lesion in the subchondral bone withsecondary effects in the overlaying articular cartilage. During late stages of this disorder, the lesion becomes unstable and separation of anosteochondral fragment ensues.